Programming Assignment #2

1. Introduction

Cryptography is a key element in preserving confidentiality; it is used to scramble data such that it cannot be easily read by anyone except the intended receiver.

In this programming assignment, you will first learn how to generate large prime numbers followed by implementing the RSA algorithm.

2. Details

Since you will have to compute large exponents as part of the RSA algorithm, the standard integer types (int - 16 or 32 bits, long int - 32 bits and and even long long int - 64 bits) of most computer languages will not suffice.

Here are your choices:

• Java has a built-in bigint class that behaves exactly like an int, except that it is not bound by a finite value
• C++ you'll have to use a library such as NTL (Library for doing Number Theory) or GMP (the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library)
• In Ruby you don't have to worry about the size of numbers at all, Ruby automatically takes care of any conversion between numbers of fixed size (Fixnum - 16, 32, 64 bits) and Bignum (numbers with an arbitrary number of digits)

3. What You Have to Do

The assignment is broken down into two main parts. Each part will be graded separately, but each part will also be reused for other parts of the assignment. This will allow you to test each part conclusively before moving on.

3.1 Prime Numbers (40%)

RSA requires finding large prime numbers very quickly.

You will need to research and implement a method for primality testing of large numbers. There are a number of such methods such as Fermat's, Miller-Rabin, AKS, etc.

Your task is to develop two programs (make sure you use your two programs to check each other), both running from the command line.

You'll get 50% of the credit for this section of the assignment if the programs work and 100% of the credit if they work fast, i.e. they complete in seconds for 1024-bit numbers.

The first program is called primecheck and will take a single argument, an arbitrarily long positive integer and return either True or False depending on whether the number provided as an argument is a prime number or not. You may not use the library functions that come with the language (such as in Java or Ruby) or provided by 3rd party libraries.

Example (the $ sign is the command line prompt):

$ primecheck 32401
$ True

$ primecheck 3244568
$ False

Your second program will be named primegen and will take a single argument, a positive integer which represents a number of bits, and produces a prime number of that number of bits (bits not digits). You may not use the library functions that come with the language (such as in Java or Ruby) or provided by 3rd party libraries.

$ primegen 1024
$ 14240517506486144844266928484342048960359393061731397667409591407 34929039769848483733150143405835896743344225815617841468052783101 43147937016874549483037286357105260324082207009125626858996989027 80560484177634435915805367324801920433840628093200027557335423703 9522117150476778214733739382939035838341675795443

$ primecheck 14240517506486144844266928484342048960359393061731397 66740959140734929039769848483733150143405835896743344225815617841 46805278310143147937016874549483037286357105260324082207009125626 85899698902780560484177634435915805367324801920433840628093200027 5573354237039522117150476778214733739382939035838341675795443
$ True

3.2 RSA Implementation (45%)

You will implement three programs: keygen, encrypt and decrypt.

keygen will generate a (public,private) key pair given two prime numbers.

Example (the $ sign is the command line prompt):

$ keygen 127 131
$ Public Key: (16637,11)
$ Private Key: (16637,14891)

In the table below you'll find some test cases for testing your keygen function. For those cases where you have to select your own numbers, make sure you select numbers that are at least 10 digits long.

encrypt will take a public key (n,e) and a single character c to encode, and returns the cyphertext corresponding to the plaintext, m.

Example:

$ encrypt 16637 11 20
$ 12046

In the table below you'll find some test cases for testing your encrypt function. For those cases where you have to select your own numbers, make sure you select n such that it is at least 20 digits long and that e is two digits long. The character c is a positive integer smaller than 256.

decrypt will take a private key (n,d) and the encrypted character and return the corresponding plaintext.

Example:

$ decrypt 16637 14891 12046
$ 20

In the table below you'll find some test cases for testing your decrypt function.

3.3 Required Document (5%)

In addition to your source code and your output you are required to submit a memo to your instructor that is flawlessly written. No spelling errors. No grammatical errors, etc. If the document is deemed unprofessional, e.g. a significant number of grammatical or spelling errors, then it will be assigned a grade of zero.

If you're not sure about the format for a memo, then just search for "memo format" on Google.

Your memo should state clearly the status of the assignment. Is it done or not? Does it meet all of the requirements? If anything is missing then state clearly what is missing from your work.

Failure to give a status for the assignment will result in a grade of zero for the entire assignment. Providing a status that's false or significantly misleading will also result in a zero for the entire assignment.

Make sure your document is well-written, succinct, and easy to read. If you encountered problems with the assignment, then provide a detailed description of those problems and the solution(s) you found.

3.4 Assignment Submission (10%)

You are required to submit your work online, using the Blackboard, and on paper. Late work will be accepted, however it is subject to late penalties as described in the syllabus.

Here is what's required for the paper submission:

• A printed copy of the required memo should be at the top
• Next comes your completeted handout with your name on it; the handout is this document with your edits in it
• At the bottom you'll have a printout of your source code
• Make sure everything is stapled together, then place the content in an envelope with your name, class and section numbers on it; seal the envelope. The envelope should be large enough such that you do not have to fold your work
• You may turn in your work in before class on the due date, or in your instructor's mailbox in the CS Department before midnight on the due date

For the electonic submission, here are the requirements:

• Submit your electronic copy using the Blackboard (attach the assignment as a compressed archive file (.zip, .tgz, .tbz2, .rar)
• The name of the compressed archive should be: fistName-lastName-PA-assignmentNumber.zip (e.g. Jane-Doe-PA-1.zip)
• Include (i) your memo, (ii) a completed handout with your results and your name on it, (iii) the source code, (iv) a README file that explains how to build and on how to run each program, (v) compiled executable(s) and (vi) a shell script or batch file that will compile your programs when executed; a Makefile (see GNU Make for details) would be great, however any form of script or building tool will do
• Include your e-mail address in the Comment field when submitting the assignment through the Digital Drop Box
• If for any reason you are submitting the assignment more than once, indicate this in the Comment field by including the word COMPLEMENT